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Tvrtko II of Bosnia
Stephen Tvrtko II Tvrtković ((ボスニア語:Stjepan Tvrtko)/Стјепан Твртко; died in November 1443) was a member of the House of Kotromanić who reigned as King of Bosnia from 1404 to 1409 and again from 1421 to his death. He was the son of King Stephen Tvrtko I, and his reigns took place during a very turbulent part of Bosnian history. He was first installed as a puppet king by the kingdom's leading noblemen, Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić and Sandalj Hranić Kosača, to replace his increasingly independent uncle Stephen Ostoja. Five years later, he lost the support of the nobility and thus the crown as well. He was hardly politically active during the second reign of Stephen Ostoja, but managed to depose and succeed Ostoja's son Stephen Ostojić. Tvrtko's second reign was marked by repeated Turkish raids, which forced him to accept the Ottoman suzerainty, and the struggle for power with Radivoj, another son of Stephen Ostoja. Tvrtko was married twice, but died childless. He was succeeded by his chosen heir, Radivoj's brother Stephen Thomas.
== Background ==
Stephen Tvrtko II was the son of Stephen Tvrtko I, the first King of Bosnia. The identity of his mother, and thus the legitimacy of his birth, is uncertain. The 16th-century historian Mavro Orbini, writing of ''Tuartco Scuro'' (Tvrtko the Plain), claimed that he was born out of wedlock, and this view was taken for granted by subsequent writers. In the 19th century, Vjekoslav Klaić stated that Tvrtko II's mother was his father's wife, Dorothea of Bulgaria. Klaić cited as evidence Tvrtko I's charter of 1382, in which the King mentioned "''Lady Queen Dorothea and son of Our Kingdom''" to the government of the Republic of Ragusa; the son is not named. If Tvrtko II is the son his father mentioned in the charter, his birth would have had to have taken place between 1375 (Tvrtko I and Dorothea having married in December 1374) and the date the charter was issued.〔
King Stephen Tvrtko I died unexpectedly in March 1391, shortly after Queen Dorothea. The Council of the Kingdom, composed of the country's most prominent noblemen, elected his elderly relative, Stephen Dabiša, as his successor, rather than the deceased king's son. Upon Stephen Dabiša's death in 1395, the nobility elected his widow, Jelena Gruba. Three years later, they ousted her in favour of Stephen Ostoja.〔 Stephen Ostoja's exact relationship with the preceding kings and Tvrtko II has been a matter of dispute, with many historians assuming that he was an illegitimate son of Tvrtko I. Dominik Mandić, however, showed that both Dabiša and Ostoja described Tvrtko I in charters as their brother.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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